No. 2. What are the multidimensional and multifaceted impacts of climate change on multiple dimensions of security? Identify each, discuss, and analyze under the theoretical framework of Security and International Relations.
Climate change impacts security in several ways, including environmental, economic, political, and social dimensions. It can cause resource scarcity, trigger migration, heighten conflict over resources, and weaken state stability. Using the framework of Security and International Relations, climate change is seen as both a traditional and non-traditional security threat, as it influences state survival and global cooperation, often creating new forms of instability.
No. 3. What are the four essentials of Resource Management? When does a resource become an element of power “OR” a resource curse? Discuss the Reko-Diq case in this context.
The four essentials of resource management are allocation, utilization, conservation, and distribution. A resource becomes an element of power when effectively managed to enhance a state’s influence. However, it turns into a resource curse when it leads to economic dependence, corruption, or conflict. The Reko-Diq case, where Pakistan faced legal and economic challenges over its mineral resources, exemplifies the resource curse, as mismanagement led to the loss of potential economic benefits.
No. 4. Why is it difficult to define terrorism? Elaborate upon the following: Feminization of terrorism, Criminalization of terrorism, Commercialization of terrorism, State terrorism.
Defining terrorism is difficult due to its evolving nature and varying interpretations. Feminization of terrorism refers to the increasing involvement of women in terrorist activities. Criminalization involves the use of terrorism as a form of organized crime for profit. Commercialization describes how terrorism is financed through illegal trade or business activities. State terrorism occurs when governments use terror tactics against their citizens or others to suppress opposition. These factors make terrorism complex to define universally.
No. 5. Differentiate between the Washington consensus and the Beijing consensus. Is the Beijing consensus a challenge to the Washington consensus?
The Washington Consensus promotes free-market policies, deregulation, and privatization as key to development. It is associated with Western-led economic policies. The Beijing Consensus, on the other hand, emphasizes state-driven development, pragmatic governance, and gradual economic reform, often focusing on economic growth without political liberalization. The Beijing Consensus challenges the Washington Consensus by offering an alternative model of development that does not require democratic reforms and has attracted developing nations looking for different paths to growth.
No. 6. Comment in detail on the mechanism of conflict resolution between Pakistan and Afghanistan and on the Durand line issue.
The conflict resolution mechanism between Pakistan and Afghanistan involves diplomatic negotiations, bilateral agreements, and multilateral forums. The Durand Line issue, a border dispute from the British colonial era, remains a source of tension, as Afghanistan does not recognize it as an official boundary. Despite efforts for peace, the lack of mutual trust, security concerns, and cross-border militancy have hindered successful resolution, making the issue complex and unresolved.
No. 7. Discuss Russia’s return to South Asia and the United States’ Indo-Pacific Strategy.
Russia’s return to South Asia is marked by strengthened ties with countries like India and a growing role in regional security issues, especially about Afghanistan and defense cooperation. The United States’ Indo-Pacific Strategy focuses on countering China’s influence in the region by enhancing military alliances, economic partnerships, and a free and open Indo-Pacific. Both powers are vying for influence in South Asia, leading to strategic competition with global implications.
No. 8. Explain the following diagram in the light of multi-track diplomacy. Which is the most important track of diplomacy and why?
Multi-track diplomacy involves various levels of engagement to resolve conflicts, including official government negotiations (Track 1), private citizen diplomacy (Track 2), and non-governmental organizations (Track 3). The most important track is often Track 1, government diplomacy, as it holds formal legal authority and can influence international policies. However, Tracks 2 and 3 are essential for fostering dialogue and understanding in situations where Track 1 is unsuccessful or unavailable.