CSS International Relations 2021 paper(b)
No. 2. Examine China’s Strategic Vision behind ‘The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)’, also known as the One Belt One Road (OBOR). (20)
No. 3. Give a critical appraisal of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in perspective of Climate Change. (20)
No. 4. What could be the reasons for the emerging water conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan? (20)
No. 5. Discuss the National Energy Policy of Pakistan in the context of CPEC signed in 2015. (20)
No. 6. What is a pandemic? How can the pandemic management strategy be made part of the governance systems of Pakistan? (20)
No. 7. Why and when was the BRICS established? Which countries are part of BRICS? (20)
No. 8. How can Pakistan develop credible capabilities to deter ‘Hybrid’ warfare? (20)
Summary of Questions:
No. 2. Examine China’s Strategic Vision behind ‘The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)’, also known as the One Belt One Road (OBOR).
China’s BRI aims to enhance global connectivity through infrastructure development, trade routes, and economic partnerships. The strategic vision includes securing energy supply lines, expanding global influence, fostering economic interdependence, and creating new markets for Chinese goods. It is also a geopolitical tool to strengthen China’s position as a global leader.
No. 3. Give a critical appraisal of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in perspective of Climate Change.
Pakistan’s foreign policy has inadequately addressed climate change, despite the country’s vulnerability to its impacts. While some international collaborations exist, the policy lacks a proactive approach to securing funds, technology, and partnerships for climate resilience. Greater emphasis on climate diplomacy and integration of environmental concerns into foreign policy is needed.
No. 4. What could be the reasons for the emerging water conflict between Pakistan and Afghanistan?
Water conflicts between Pakistan and Afghanistan arise from shared river basins, lack of water-sharing agreements, and Afghanistan’s plans to build dams that could reduce Pakistan’s water supply. Compounding factors include political tensions, population growth, and climate change, which exacerbate resource scarcity and heighten disputes.
No. 5. Discuss the National Energy Policy of Pakistan in the context of CPEC signed in 2015.
Pakistan’s National Energy Policy under CPEC focuses on improving energy infrastructure through coal, hydropower, and renewable energy projects. While it has helped reduce energy shortages, reliance on coal raises environmental concerns. Effective implementation of sustainable energy policies is critical to balancing energy needs and environmental protection.
No. 6. What is a pandemic? How can the pandemic management strategy be made part of the governance systems of Pakistan?
A pandemic is a global outbreak of a disease affecting a large population. To integrate pandemic management into governance, Pakistan must strengthen healthcare infrastructure, develop early warning systems, ensure efficient resource allocation, and implement clear policies for public health emergencies, supported by international collaborations.
No. 7. Why and when was the BRICS established? Which countries are part of BRICS?
BRICS was established in 2006 to enhance cooperation among emerging economies and promote alternative global governance structures. It comprises Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. The group aims to strengthen economic ties, advocate for reform in global institutions, and support sustainable development.
No. 8. How can Pakistan develop credible capabilities to deter ‘Hybrid’ warfare?
Pakistan can counter hybrid warfare—combining conventional, cyber, and information tactics—by enhancing cybersecurity, strengthening intelligence networks, promoting media literacy to counter disinformation, and building strategic resilience through technological advancements and public awareness campaigns.