POLITICAL SCIENCE 2022 PAPER-II
SECTION-I
Q. No. 2. Define democratic peace. Highlight its basic norms and discuss how it played a vital role in the political-economic integration of the European Union (EU). (20 marks)
Q. No. 3. The Russia-Ukraine war has threatened regional political economic global integration. What policy options are available for IMF and WTO to address the new regional and global challenges in the current scenario? (20 marks)
Section-B
Q. No. 4. What are the main determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy? How current National Capacity has become a major challenge before an independent foreign policy of Pakistan. (20 marks)
Q. No. 5. In what circumstances might a democratic country turn into a military dictatorship or totalitarian rule? Narrate it with a case study. (20 marks)
Q. No. 6. After World War II, the nuclear race started in the world. How Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) played a vital role towards non-proliferation and what efforts are required to make South Asia a nuclear-free zone. (20 marks)
Q. No. 7. What are the main characteristics of the Chinese political system? How does it differ from the communist politics of the USSR? (20 marks)
Q. No. 8. Discuss the history of constitutional development in Pakistan since 1947. How 18th Amendment is taken as a revolutionary step towards provincial autonomy in Pakistan? (20 marks)
Summary:
SECTION-I
Q. No. 2. Define democratic peace. Highlight its basic norms and discuss how it played a vital role in the political-economic integration of the European Union (EU). (20 marks)
Democratic peace theory suggests that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other due to shared norms, institutions, and processes promoting peaceful conflict resolution. Key norms of democratic peace include respect for human rights, rule of law, and transparent governance. In the context of the EU, these democratic values facilitated political and economic integration, enabling member states to resolve conflicts peacefully, promote economic cooperation, and build trust. The EU’s democratic institutions have been central to creating stability in Europe and reducing the likelihood of inter-state conflict.
Q. No. 3. The Russia-Ukraine war has threatened regional political economic global integration. What policy options are available for IMF and WTO to address the new regional and global challenges in the current scenario? (20 marks)
The Russia-Ukraine war has disrupted global economic stability, challenging the political and economic integration of the region and beyond. The IMF and WTO can address these challenges by providing financial support to affected countries, ensuring trade stability, and helping mitigate the economic impact of sanctions. The IMF could offer loans and restructuring programs to countries facing economic difficulties, while the WTO could facilitate global trade and seek ways to ensure that trade disputes arising from the war do not escalate. Both organizations can also promote multilateral dialogue to prevent further economic fragmentation.
SECTION-B
Q. No. 4. What are the main determinants of Pakistan’s foreign policy? How current National Capacity has become a major challenge before an independent foreign policy of Pakistan. (20 marks)
Pakistan’s foreign policy is influenced by several key determinants, including national security, geopolitical positioning, economic interests, and relations with major powers like the USA, China, and India. Additionally, domestic factors such as political stability, military influence, and economic capabilities play significant roles. The country’s current national capacity—specifically its economic challenges, security issues, and political instability—has made it difficult to pursue an independent and assertive foreign policy, as these limitations hinder the ability to fully engage in diplomatic initiatives and negotiations.
Q. No. 5. In what circumstances might a democratic country turn into a military dictatorship or totalitarian rule? Narrate it with a case study. (20 marks)
A democratic country may turn into a military dictatorship or totalitarian regime in times of political instability, economic crisis, or national security threats. Weak political institutions, corruption, and a lack of democratic norms can also contribute to such a transformation. A notable case study is the rise of military dictatorship in Pakistan in 1977 when General Zia-ul-Haq led a coup against the democratically elected government. The military justified its takeover as a response to political instability, but it ultimately led to the suspension of democratic processes and the establishment of long-lasting authoritarian rule.
Q. No. 6. After World War II, the nuclear race started in the world. How Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) played a vital role towards non-proliferation and what efforts are required to make South Asia a nuclear-free zone. (20 marks)
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), signed in 1968, has been crucial in limiting the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting peaceful nuclear cooperation. Its three main pillars—non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy—have helped curb nuclear proliferation globally. However, South Asia remains a region of concern due to the nuclear capabilities of India and Pakistan. To make South Asia a nuclear-free zone, regional dialogue, confidence-building measures, and multilateral agreements are required. The involvement of global powers and support for disarmament initiatives will be key in reducing nuclear risks.
Q. No. 7. What are the main characteristics of the Chinese political system? How does it differ from the communist politics of the USSR? (20 marks)
China’s political system is characterized by a single-party rule led by the Communist Party of China (CPC), with central control over the economy, military, and media. It blends socialist ideals with market-oriented reforms, particularly since the 1978 economic reforms. In contrast to the USSR’s rigid Marxist-Leninist structure, China has developed a unique model of “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” which includes economic pragmatism and a more flexible approach to governance. The Chinese system emphasizes stability, incremental reform, and economic growth, distinguishing it from the Soviet approach of more centralized control and ideological purity.
Q. No. 8. Discuss the history of constitutional development in Pakistan since 1947. How 18th Amendment is taken as a revolutionary step towards provincial autonomy in Pakistan? (20 marks)
Pakistan’s constitutional development has been marked by numerous challenges, including political instability, military interventions, and the need to balance federal and provincial powers. The first Constitution of Pakistan was enacted in 1956, but frequent military coups and constitutional amendments followed. The 18th Amendment, passed in 2010, is seen as a revolutionary step toward provincial autonomy. It significantly devolved powers from the federal government to provinces, ensuring greater control over local governance, resources, and decision-making. This amendment aimed to address the demands for greater provincial representation and autonomy, particularly in smaller provinces like Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.