Political Science Paper 1 CSS 2024
PAPER-I
Section A
Q. No. 2. Aristotle was a realist, not an idealist. Elaborate with reference to his theory of the ends and functions of the state. (20 marks)
Q. No. 3. Is it correct to call Machiavelli a citizen of all states and contemporary of all ages? Substantiate your answer with valid arguments. (20 marks)
Q. No. 4. Discuss Montesquieu’s Theory of separation of Powers. Why he is considered as Aristotle of the 18th century (20 marks)
Q. No. 5. Elaborate the theory of Kingship as propounded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi (20 marks)
Section-B
Q. No. 6. Sovereignty is the essential element of Statehood. Explain the differences in the Western and Islamic concepts of Sovereignty. (20 marks)
Q. No. 7. Critically evaluate the importance of political parties in a modern state. Access their role as an effective instrument for mobilizing public opinion. (20 marks)
Q. No. 8. Write short notes on the following 10 marks each
- Liberty
- Nationalism
Summary:
SECTION-A
Q. No. 2. Aristotle was a realist, not an idealist. Elaborate with reference to his theory of the ends and functions of the state.
Aristotle’s political theory is rooted in realism, as he focuses on the practical aspects of politics rather than idealistic visions. Unlike Plato, who envisions an ideal state governed by philosopher-kings, Aristotle sees the state as a natural institution that arises out of human nature. In his Politics, Aristotle outlines the end (purpose) of the state as the achievement of the “good life” for its citizens. He argues that the state’s function is to promote virtue and provide conditions for individuals to live well. Aristotle believes that a good state balances power and ensures justice, with citizens participating in governance under their abilities.
Q. No. 3. Is it correct to call Machiavelli a citizen of all states and contemporary of all ages? Substantiate your answer with valid arguments.
It is correct to some extent to call Machiavelli a “citizen of all states” and “contemporary of all ages,” as his political thought transcends specific national and historical contexts. Machiavelli’s work, especially The Prince, focuses on pragmatic and realistic approaches to power, politics, and statecraft, making his ideas relevant in any time or political environment. His advice to rulers about the acquisition and maintenance of power, the use of deception, and the balancing of virtues and vices are timeless and applicable to both his own Renaissance context and modern political realities. However, his ideas are rooted in the political landscape of his time, reflecting the conditions of Renaissance Italy, which makes his work both universally relevant and historically situated.
Q. No. 4. Discuss Montesquieu’s Theory of separation of Powers. Why he is considered Aristotle of the 18th century?
Montesquieu’s theory of the separation of powers, as outlined in his The Spirit of the Laws, advocates for the division of government into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. This division ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful, and each branch serves as a check on the others. Montesquieu’s emphasis on the need for a balanced system of governance that prevents tyranny is central to modern democratic thought. He is considered the “Aristotle of the 18th century” because, like Aristotle, he laid the foundations for understanding political institutions and the relationship between society and governance. His work deeply influenced the development of modern constitutionalism.
Q. No. 5. Elaborate on the theory of Kingship as propounded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi.
Nizam-ul-Mulk Tusi, a Persian scholar and statesman, propounded a theory of kingship in his work Siyasatnama. He emphasized that the king’s role is to maintain order, justice, and the welfare of the people. The king must be both a ruler and a guardian of Islamic principles, ensuring the moral and social well-being of the state. Nizam-ul-Mulk also highlighted the importance of wise counselors and ministers who would assist the king in his governance. His theory emphasizes a balanced and ethical monarchy where the king’s legitimacy is based on his ability to uphold justice and protect his subjects.
SECTION-B
Q. No. 6. Sovereignty is the essential element of Statehood. Explain the differences in the Western and Islamic concepts of Sovereignty.
The Western concept of sovereignty is typically defined as the supreme authority within a territory, often tied to the notion of state power, independence, and control over laws and military force. In Western thought, sovereignty is absolute and centralized, often associated with the state’s monopoly on power. In contrast, the Islamic concept of sovereignty is grounded in the belief that ultimate authority belongs to God (Allah), with the state acting as a steward or vicegerent (Khalifa) of divine law (Sharia). Sovereignty in Islam does not belong to any individual but to God, and the ruler is expected to govern according to divine principles, ensuring justice and welfare for the people.
Q. No. 7. Critically evaluate the importance of political parties in a modern state. Assess their role as an effective instrument for mobilizing public opinion.
Political parties play a vital role in modern democratic states by organizing elections, representing diverse interests, and formulating public policy. They serve as a link between the government and the people, ensuring that the public’s concerns are addressed. Political parties help in the mobilization of public opinion, aggregating individual interests into collective platforms and policies. They also provide voters with clear choices during elections. However, their role can be problematic if parties become too polarized, focusing more on gaining power than on policy or national interests, leading to political fragmentation. Despite this, political parties remain crucial for ensuring democratic participation and political stability.
Q. No. 8. Write short notes on the following:-
Liberty: Liberty refers to the condition of being free from arbitrary restrictions or control, allowing individuals to act according to their own will and judgment. It can be understood in both negative and positive terms. Negative liberty is the absence of external constraints, while positive liberty involves the freedom to act in ways that enhance one’s well-being and fulfill one’s potential. In political theory, liberty is a fundamental value, often associated with democracy, individual rights, and the rule of law.
Nationalism: Nationalism is a political ideology that emphasizes the importance of a shared national identity, culture, and history. It asserts the right of a nation to self-determination and governance. Nationalism can be inclusive, advocating for the unity of a diverse population, or exclusive, prioritizing the interests of one group over others. It often leads to the formation of nation-states and plays a crucial role in shaping national policies and international relations. While it can foster unity and pride, excessive nationalism can lead to xenophobia and conflict.